Models & applications

This layer examines the capacity to develop, adapt and apply AI models that generate insights, automate tasks and create new value. It measures a country's strength in core model types (from computer vision and forecasting to robotics and generative AI), as well as the sophistication of local adaptation, alignment and orchestration practices. It considers to what extent domestic models reflect local contexts, values and languages, and whether ethical, safety and transparency mechanisms are embedded throughout their lifecycle. The layer also assesses the maturity of AI applications built on top of these models, both general purpose and sector-specific, as indicators of how effectively foundational research is translated into public and commercial use.